This is the parking lot of the new Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge visitor's center. I'm really glad that my federal waterfowl stamp goes to help pay for things like these social engineering signs.
And where are the handicapped spots...
36 comments:
Anonymous
said...
Miglavs gets amnesty. Convicted of gang-banging, drug dealing and weapons charges.
No jail time served.
FILED: May 20, 2004
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON
STATE OF OREGON,
Respondent on Review,
v.
DANIEL PAUL MIGLAVS,
Petitioner on Review.
(CC C000009CR, C000111CR; CA A111137 (Control), A111138; SC S50279)
On review from the Court of Appeals.*
Argued and submitted March 3, 2004.
Garrett A. Richardson, Portland, argued the cause and filed the brief for petitioner on review.
Jonathan H. Fussner, Assistant Attorney General, Salem, argued the cause for respondent on review. Julie A. Smith, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief. With her on the brief were Hardy Myers, Attorney General, and Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General.
Before Carson, Chief Justice, and Gillette, Durham, Riggs, De Muniz, and Balmer, Justices.**
DE MUNIZ, J.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the circuit court are affirmed.
*Appeal from Washington County Circuit Court, Timothy P. Alexander, Judge. 186 Or App 420, 63 P3d 1202 (2003).
**Kistler, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
DE MUNIZ, J.
The issue in this criminal case is whether a police officer lawfully engaged in a precautionary patdown (1) of defendant in accordance with the officer safety rule set out in State v. Bates, 304 Or 519, 747 P2d 991 (1987). Because there were multiple charges against defendant arising out of separate police patdowns and a subsequent search of defendant's residence, we first set out the procedural history in some detail.
Defendant was charged with two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm based on evidence uncovered during a patdown (the patdown at issue here) conducted in August 1999. Defendant moved to suppress the evidence that the police discovered during that patdown. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress that evidence.
The same indictment also charged defendant with two other counts of unlawful possession of a firearm as a result of evidence uncovered in a patdown that the police conducted in September 1999. Defendant moved to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of that patdown, and the trial court granted that motion.
Finally, the police executed a search warrant at defendant's residence in December 1999 and seized evidence that led to defendant being charged separately with seven other weapon and drug-related crimes. Defendant moved to suppress that evidence as well, and the trial court denied that motion.
The court consolidated all charges and tried them at the same time. Defendant ultimately was convicted of two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm seized as a result of the August patdown and three counts of unlawful possession of a firearm seized during the December search of defendant's residence.
Defendant appealed, contending that the police had relied on the evidence that they discovered during the August patdown to obtain the search warrant that led to the discovery of the evidence seized during the December search of defendant's residence. A divided en banc Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's rulings denying defendant's motions to suppress evidence discovered during the August patdown and the December search of his residence. State v. Miglavs, 186 Or App 420, 63 P3d 1202 (2003). We allowed defendant's petition for review. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the August patdown was lawful and, therefore, affirm the trial court judgment and the decision of the Court of Appeals.
We take the following facts from the Court of Appeals majority opinion:
"Just after midnight in August 1999, Officer Brown, who was on patrol alone, saw defendant and another man standing outside a car, talking to a woman seated in the car, in the parking lot of an apartment complex in Beaverton. They were below an apartment overhang, which caused the area to be fairly dark. Because Brown suspected that all three individuals were under 18 years of age and possibly violating curfew, she approached the group. On approaching, she saw alcohol in the car. She asked for identification so that she could determine if any alcohol-related or curfew violations may have occurred. Defendant and the woman in the car gave Brown their identification, which she kept while she ran a records check on them. The other male said that he was 17 years old and gave his name and date of birth in lieu of other identification. The dispatcher reported that defendant was a possible runaway, but defendant told the officer that he had recently turned 18. He also told the officer that he lived in the apartment complex, even though his identification listed a different address. He was unwilling to tell the officer in which apartment he resided.
"Because she was on patrol alone, Brown called for backup while she was checking the ages and identities of the three individuals. Two backup officers arrived within a couple of minutes. By the time they arrived, Brown had determined that the driver of the car was 21 years old and therefore lawfully in possession of alcohol. She also had determined that defendant was 18 years old and therefore not violating curfew. Brown returned defendant's and the driver's identification to them, making no overture to cite or hold them. They were then free to go, but Brown did not expressly tell them that. They remained while Brown continued her investigation of the 17-year-old for a possible curfew violation.
"At that point, Brown was concerned for her personal safety and that of the backup officers. Defendant and his male companion were wearing distinctive clothing commonly associated with a gang called the '18th Street' gang. Typical of that gang, defendant had a shaved head and was wearing baggy tan pants and a baggy black shirt with the term '18th Street' printed on the back in large white letters. Defendant's companion also was wearing baggy gang-style clothes and had a three-dot tattoo under his eye that is associated with gang membership. The baggy style of the clothing concerned Brown because, in addition to signaling gang affiliation, the clothing permitted easy concealment of a weapon. Within the preceding year, Brown had come into contact with a similarly attired gang member in the parking lot of the same apartment complex who, on a patdown search, was found to have a weapon concealed in his waistband under his baggy clothing. Also, based on her training and experience more generally, Brown knew that members of the 18th Street gang commonly carry weapons--in particular, guns.
"One of the backup officers, Officer Cockreham, shared Brown's safety concerns. His concerns arose because of defendant's 18th Street gang-affiliated clothing, as well as the way in which defendant's shirt was draped over his waist. Cockreham had personally removed weapons from several 18th Street gang members in the same general area (i.e., along Allen Boulevard between Hall and King); one such encounter occurred 'just previously to this incident' and the weapon he found on the gang member was a gun. Brown directed Cockreham to patdown defendant for weapons. On doing so, Cockreham found a gun concealed in the waistband of defendant's pants."
186 Or App at 422-24 (footnote omitted).
In affirming the trial court's rulings denying defendant's motion to suppress the gun, the Court of Appeals majority relied on this court's earlier decision in Bates. There, this court held that
"Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution, does not forbid an officer to take reasonable steps to protect himself or others if, during the course of a lawful encounter with a citizen, the officer develops a reasonable suspicion, based upon specific and articulable facts, that the citizen might pose an immediate threat of serious physical injury to the officer or to others then present."
Id. at 524. The Court of Appeals majority began its analysis by characterizing the basis for the officers' particularized suspicion of defendant:
"The officers' safety concerns here were not stereotypical in the sense that they derived only from a generalized and oversimplified view of how all members of a broad group behave in all circumstances. Rather, Brown and Cockreham had particular training in and experience with members of a particular gang--the 18th Street gang--and its local activities. The officers, based on training and experience relating to that particular gang, knew that its local members commonly carried concealed weapons. They knew, moreover, that guns were often the weapon of choice for members of the 18th Street gang."
Miglavs, 186 Or App at 427 (emphasis in original). The court concluded that several factors contributed to the officers' reasonable fear for their safety:
"On whole, then, we have this: defendant was a likely member of not just an urban gang but of a particular gang known to operate in the area--the 18th Street gang--whose local members commonly carry guns; he was wearing clothes that could have concealed a gun; the officers had both longer-term and very recent experience with members of the 18th Street gang in the area who were armed with concealed weapons; it was late; it was dark; and defendant chose to protract the encounter with the officers. The totality of what the officers knew and the circumstances with which they were confronted went beyond a generalized understanding of the practices of urban gangs and encompassed a specific and particularized reality as to defendant and the 18th Street gang, of which defendant was a likely member."
Id. at 428. The court thus affirmed defendant's convictions.
Judge Haselton agreed with the majority, but wrote separately to clarify that the court's decision did "not authorize 'officer safety' searches based solely on a citizen's 'suspicious' appearance or possible association with a potentially dangerous group." Id. at 435 (Haselton, J., concurring). He further explained that "our holding does not write a blank check for 'officer safety' patdowns resulting from officer-initiated contacts with young men or women wearing 'gang style' clothing." Id. (Haselton, J., concurring).
Judge Edmonds and Judge Armstrong dissented in separate opinions. Judge Edmonds asserted that the constitutional right to associate requires that the constitutional protections against unreasonable searches and seizures apply equally to "those who belong to gangs, wear baggy gang-related clothing, or identify with groups known to be violent" as they do to others. Id. (Edmonds, J., dissenting). He opined that defendant's decision to remain at the scene after Brown concluded her investigation of him was the only fact that could have contributed to her concern that defendant might pose an immediate threat to her safety or that of others. Id. at 436 (Edmonds, J., dissenting). But that fact, Judge Edmonds asserted, was of little significance in light of defendant's cooperative attitude and the fact that Brown did not tell him that he was free to leave. Id. (Edmonds, J., dissenting). Judge Edmonds further posited that Brown's failure to direct defendant to leave indicated that she did not perceive defendant to be a greater threat at the end of the investigation than she had at the beginning. Id. (Edmonds, J., dissenting). According to Judge Edmonds, the majority's decision would permit the police to patdown "any person dressed in gang attire and present in a mall or other public place * * * even in the absence of individualized suspicion[,]" contrary to Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution. (2) Id. at 436-37 (Edmonds, J., dissenting).
Judge Armstrong similarly believed that the officers' knowledge that defendant was a member of the 18th Street gang, and their prior experiences with that gang, were not "sufficient to give the officers a reasonable basis to believe that defendant was a member of the 18th Street gang who, because of that membership, was reasonably likely to be carrying a gun." Id. at 439 (Armstrong, J., dissenting). He also could not discern a difference between the officers' knowledge that defendant was a member of a particular gang that was known to carry guns and their knowledge that members of a particular type of gang carry guns. Id. at 440 (Armstrong, J., dissenting). "In either case" Judge Armstrong observed, "the state seeks to rely on a syllogism that people of a particular group often carry weapons, that the defendant appears to be a member of that group, and that it is therefore reasonable to suspect that the defendant is carrying a weapon." Id. (Armstrong, J., dissenting). He noted further, as did Judge Edmonds, that Brown did not have a reason to fear for her safety because defendant was cooperative and because Brown had not waited for the backup officers to arrive to conduct her investigation of the three individuals. Id. at 440-41 (Armstrong, J., dissenting). In Judge Armstrong's view, defendant's failure to leave when Brown returned defendant's identification was of no significance because Brown should have understood that defendant merely wished to resume his encounter with his friends. Id. at 441-42 (Armstrong, J., dissenting).
In this court, defendant relies on the dissenting opinions by Judge Edmonds and Judge Armstrong and argues that the Court of Appeals majority erred in its application of the Bates rule because Brown did not have a particularized suspicion that defendant was armed and might pose a threat to the officers' safety. He observes that, when Brown had concluded her investigation of defendant, she did not tell him that he was free to leave, from which he argues that his failure to leave should not have contributed to Brown's safety concerns. He notes further that he was "cooperative and unthreatening" and, thus, should not have made the officers feel that he presented an immediate risk to their safety.
The state responds that this court needs to decide only whether "the officers' belief that defendant might be armed and dangerous [was] a reasonable one." In its view, "the officers reasonably believed that this defendant might pose an immediate threat primarily because he had expressly affiliated himself with a particular gang, the local members of which operate in the immediate vicinity and, in the officers' training and experience, often are armed." Further, the state argues, "[t]hat suspicion was sufficiently particularized because it was based on characteristics shared by a narrow and well-defined category of persons with whom the officers had specific experiences and about whom the officers had received training." For the reasons that follow, we agree with the state.
We begin with a review of Bates. In that case, a City of Eugene police officer stopped the defendant for "'excessive vehicle emissions'" at 4:40 a.m. Id. at 521. The stop occurred in a "'high crime'" area and the officer called for assistance. Id. Two officers approached the defendant's vehicle and one officer asked for the defendant's driver license. Id. The officers noticed that there was a "television and a videocassette recorder [VCR]" on the back seat of the defendant's vehicle. Id. One officer also noticed "an object on the floorboard between [the] defendant's feet." Id. The other officer also took note of the object and "'asked [the defendant] if he would reach down and very cautiously pull that item from between his feet," so that the officer could see what it was. Id. The defendant refused and instead "reached under the seat and remained in that position" while the officer repeatedly asked him to pull the item into plain view. Id. The officer then pulled his gun and ordered the defendant to step out of the car. Id. The officer then obtained the bag from under the seat, felt something hard inside, opened it, and discovered "several rounds of live ammunition, drugs, and drug paraphernalia." Id. at 522.
The court began its analysis by noting the state's reliance on the Supreme Court's analysis of officer safety searches in Michigan v. Long, 463 US 1032, 103 S Ct 3469, 77 L Ed 2d 1201 (1983), and this court's own previous analysis in State v. Riley, 240 Or 521, 402 P2d 741 (1965), in which the court had acknowledged that "police officers are entitled to take steps reasonably necessary to their safety." Bates, 304 Or at 523. The court then held, as set out above, that Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution "does not forbid an officer to take reasonable steps to protect himself or others if, during the course of a lawful encounter with a citizen, the officer develops a reasonable suspicion" that the suspect "might pose" a danger to the officer or others. Id. at 524. The court explained that
"it is not [this court's] function to uncharitably second-guess an officer's judgment. A police officer in the field frequently must make life-or-death decisions in a matter of seconds. There may be little or no time in which to weigh the magnitude of a potential safety risk against the intrusiveness of protective measures. An officer must be allowed considerable latitude to take safety precautions in such situations. Our inquiry therefore is limited to whether the precautions taken were reasonable under the circumstances as they reasonably appeared at the time that the decision was made."
Id. at 524-25 (emphasis added). See also State v. Amaya, __ Or ___, ___ P3d ___ (April 29, 2004) (same).
The Bates court concluded, however, that the officers had exceeded the permissible bounds of the rule. Id. at 525-26. It reached that result by assessing the significance of each factor that the officer identified as contributing to his conclusion that the defendant posed an immediate threat. Id. The officer testified that the vehicle's out-of-state license plates, the time of day, the high crime area, the defendant's appearance, the fact that there was a television and a VCR on the back seat of the defendant's vehicle, and the fact that the defendant did not comply with the officer's instruction to pull into plain view the item that he could not see fully, all contributed to his concern about the defendant's possible dangerousness. Id. at 525.
This court, however, concluded that none of the identified factors, even when considered collectively, supported a reasonable suspicion that the defendant posed an immediate threat to the officers' safety. The court observed that the suspicions of the officer who ordered the defendant out of the car
"may have been an excellent guess–-the kind resulting from a sixth sense that many officers develop over the years. But, again, there is no objective quality to them that entitles them to any weight, either individually or collectively, in the constitutional calculus. Neither the hour nor the 'high crime' nature of the area tells us whether this defendant is likely to be a criminal, unless there is some reason to think that everyone driving in that particular area at that time of night is up to no good[.]"
Id. at 526 (emphasis in original). As in Bates, our inquiry in this case is limited to whether the precautionary patdown was reasonable under the circumstances as they reasonably appeared at that time.
Here, the officers testified that the following factors contributed to their determination that defendant might pose an immediate threat to their safety: (1) defendant "was wearing bagg[y] tan pants and a black bagg[y] shirt that had '18th' written on the back of the shirt in large white letters[,]" (3) which the officers associated with the attire of 18th Street gang members; (2) the young man with defendant also had a gang-related tattoo consisting of three dots in the shape of a triangle that Officer Brown knew meant "'[m]i vida loca'" or "'my crazy life' in English" and his shirt also had the number 18 on it; (3) both defendant and the man with him were wearing, "untucked[,]" "extremely bagg[y clothing that] could easily conceal weapons"; (4) the officers knew that 18th Street gang members operated in the vicinity of the encounter and that they carried guns; (5) Officer Cockreham personally removed weapons from several 18th Street gang members and had, just previously to this incident, had removed a gun from an 18th Street gang member; and (6) neither defendant nor the woman in the car chose to leave after Brown returned their identification.
Before evaluating the factors described above, we first address defendant's argument that his cooperative attitude and lack of suspicious behavior was sufficient to dispel any concerns that the officers had for their safety. Defendant is correct that those circumstances must be considered in the overall assessment of the reasonableness of the officers' decision to engage in the patdown. However, defendant's attitude and demeanor are just two circumstances that the officers and, ultimately, this court must consider in determining whether the totality of the circumstances justified the decision to engage in a precautionary patdown. See State v. Ehly, 317 Or 66, 83, 854 P2d 421 (1993) ("totality of the circumstances" are considered in determining whether officer's suspicion was reasonable). As we now explain, those countervailing circumstances, considered in light of the totality of the circumstances, are not sufficient to dispel the reasonableness of the officers' particularized suspicion that defendant might have posed a danger to their safety.
Under Bates, a limited precautionary patdown is authorized under Article I, section 9, only when the initial contact between the police and the individual is lawful. Here, defendant concedes that Brown was engaged in a lawful contact with defendant. Brown had approached the vehicle to investigate possible curfew, and later, alcohol violations. She requested defendant's identification and, upon concluding her investigation, promptly returned defendant's identification to him. In other words, as noted previously, the police contact was not initiated solely (or at all) because defendant and his companion were wearing gang attire.
Next, Bates requires an evaluation whether the factors that the officers claim supported their belief that defendant might pose an immediate threat to their safety are sufficiently particularized to defendant as required under Article I, section 9. This court repeatedly has explained that a person's appearance alone never can support a reasonable suspicion of unlawful activity. See State v. Valdez, 277 Or 621, 628, 561 P2d 1006 (1977) (explaining that "shined shoes, sharp clothes, neat 'Afro' haircuts and people who stand and stare at officers" cannot say much about those people engaging in criminal activity); Bates, 304 Or at 525 (explaining that fact that defendant was "an 'Indian' with long hair and beard" wearing black leather jacket could not support reasonable suspicion to believe that he was dangerous). A police officer's suspicion must be particularized to the individual based on the individual's own conduct. State v. Stanley, 325 Or 239, 245-46, 935 P2d 1202 (1997); Bates, 304 Or at 525; Valdez, 277 Or at 628. Regardless of the officers' belief that gang members wear baggy clothing, that type of clothing alone could not support a reasonable suspicion that defendant posed a risk to the officers' safety. That is, nothing about such attire alone could tell the officers anything about defendant, except that he liked to wear baggy clothing. Nevertheless, a particular style of attire may be a circumstance that, when considered in the overall context or totality of the circumstances of a police-citizen contact, contributes to the reasonableness of an officer's safety assessment.
Similarly, clothing that announces a gang affiliation does not, by itself, give rise to the kind of individualized suspicion of a safety threat required under Article I, section 9. However, officers reasonably may draw inferences about human behavior from their training and experience. See Stanley, 325 Or at 246-46 (in officer's experience, people who commit robberies often are armed); Ehly, 317 Or at 80-81 (in officer's experience, drug users often are armed). In this instance, the officers knew from training and recent personal experience that the gang identified on defendant's shirt operated in the immediate vicinity of the contact and that members of that gang carried weapons. Furthermore, one of the officers recently had removed a gun from one of the members of that gang. Under those circumstances, the officers' safety concerns regarding defendant were not based solely on generalized or stereotypical information about gang behavior but, instead, were sufficiently particularized, based on specific training about and recent personal experience with a narrowly identified group, viz., members of the local gang to which defendant and his male companion proclaimed their allegiance and which operated in the area where the officers encountered defendant.
Finally, in addition to defendant's self-proclaimed gang membership and the officers' training and recent experience with other gang members, there are other factors that contribute to the reasonableness of the officers' safety concerns. First, the contact with defendant and his two companions occurred at a late hour in a darkened area in the general vicinity where one of the officers recently had encountered armed members of the 18th Street gang. Defendant was uncooperative during the initial investigation when he refused to reveal the location of his residence in the apartment complex. See Amaya, ___ Or at ___ (refusal to leave purse-like bag in vehicle when requested to do so was one factor that heightened officer's safety concern).
Second, although defendant was free to move from the immediate area after his identification was returned to him, he chose to remain in the area near where the police were conducting an ongoing investigation. When defendant remained in that close proximity to the officers, the officers' safety concerns reasonably were heightened because the officers needed to focus their attention on defendant's companion and were not able to watch defendant as closely as they could before that time. As this court explained in Bates:
"A police officer in the field frequently must make life-or-death decisions in a matter of seconds. There may be little or no time in which to weigh the magnitude of a potential safety risk against the intrusiveness of protective measures. An officer must be allowed considerable latitude to take safety precautions in such situations."
Bates, 304 Or at 524 (emphasis added).
Here, the combination of factors that the officers identified were sufficient to give rise to a reasonable and individualized suspicion that defendant might have posed a safety threat to them. That individualized suspicion justified the limited precautionary patdown of defendant that occurred in this case and did not violate defendant's protection against unreasonable search and seizure under Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the circuit court are affirmed.
2. Judge Edmond's concern notwithstanding, this case is not about whether Article I, section 9, would allow the police to patdown a known gang member in a public place for the sole reason of performing a patdown for weapons. Among other differences, the patdown in this case occurred in the context of a lawful police investigation and took place at night in the general area where one of the officers had recently encountered an armed member of the same gang.
What kind of psychotic/neurological break has occurred in a person that enables or causes him to, apparently with total seriousness, complain about how proceeds from stamps with birds on them are spent, while saying ABSOLUTELY NOTHING about the cost of the war in Iraq?
....or the cost to taxpayers of his own criminality and subsequent attempts to wriggle out of taking responsibility for his actions by whining all the way to the Oregon Supreme Court?
I bet his total bill came to WAY more than these signs.
Oh, and Daniel, your tax money didn't pay for these signs, mine did, and I'm quite pleased with them.
Your tax money pays for death in Iraq. You can take some comfort in that, I'm sure.
Handicapped and hybrid parking spots do need to be switched. I just fired off a letter to the local US Fish and Wildlife Service, who manages the site to that effect.
Other than that, very nice addition to our community.
The handicap spots are almost directly behind the gravel hybrid spots. How many people with a handicap parking pass would choose to park on an uneven gravel surface in the center of a parking lot vs. a paved level surface with handicap access to the sidewalk, lookout, bathroom, and visitor center. Good luck with that letter. Have you actually been to the refuge?
Oh...yes, I just looked at the video a second time. You're absolutely right! I should have known better. Miglav's never thinks things through in his puppy-dog eagerness to wag his finger. I should have been more skeptical that this may have been the one time he had a lucid point. I guess I'll go fish that letter out of my mailbox before the postman gets it.
"Actually, it's not old news. It's relavant on every day that Daniel continues his sanctimonious crusade against a group of poverty-stricken immigrants because they're (he presumes) "illegal".
Daniel Miglavs, who drones on about the responsible uses of state tax dollars, and who agitates for the harshest penalties possible for persons falling under his expansive umbrella of "criminal", served no time for his own crimes, and spent your and my tax dollars claiming he didn't do what he was convicted of doing.
So, it seems relevant to me.
Doesn't Miglavs have some sort of motto about not resting until people get treated like the criminals that they are? I guess I'm just taking a page out of the book of Miglavs.
Welcome to Miglavia."
Miglavs keeps harping, saying the same things over and over again. Why can't I?
At least what I'm saying is proven to be true. As for most of Miglavs' assertions - Mexicans are disproportionately drug dealers, pedophiles, and violent criminals; persons who do not speak English are necessarily illegal; illegal immigrants take jobs from natives... - the same cannot be said.
Looks like Daniel has nailed it right on the head. Maybe you are a mexican with a criminal alien relative. You state: Mexicans are disproportionately drug dealers, pedophiles, and violent criminals; The BOP page pretty much proves it unless the mexicans are in prison for knitting or something else. What is your record? Why don't you put it online or are afraid? Why do you hide behind anonymous? What do you have to hide? How come they break it down to countries south of our border? Because they commit a shit load of crimes you idiot!
Well this is ironic. I got online to find a way to send an email to the agency that oversees the new Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge because I wanted to send kudos to them for such excellent planning on behalf of those of us who get around in a chair. So imagine how funny that my googling brought me here to some guy who doesn't seem to have even half a clue about what's important to the wheelchair bound.
I don't know who you are but maybe you should check with a wheelchair user before you lable "sick and twisted" when it's actually one of the better handicapped accessible public spaces I have visited in a long, long time.
I've been in a chair since age 18. Nearly 17 years now. This guy is not too bright and has an evident meanness to him. Also, I would like to know what is "sick and twisted" about caring for the planet we live on? I'd like for the children in my life to have a habitable planet to live on in 50 years.
Dave 01: Unless "Dave 01" is the name that appears on your social security card, drivers license, and passport, then you too are anonymous. Lame arguement.
well, genius, did you happen to notice that immigration was the third most common crime for which persons are incarcerated, thus explaining Mexicans disproportionate representation in FEDERAL prisons, given that they predominate among the country's unauthorized population.
Most of what I've read indicates that immigrants commit FEWER crimes than natives.
Why would immigrants here legally or illegally want to violate the terms of their admission or draw attention to themselves by committing a crime and facing deportation.
hey guys I work close to SE 6th and ankeny, I park in that area also. My car has been broken into 3 times in the last 1 1/2 years.when they caught the person that broke into it the first time. Guess what he was an illegall . one of those so highly respected day pukes that jump out and bang on my car whenever i stop for the stop sign.and then beg me for a job . or like the one today that wanted me to buy pot! ( aleast I think thats what he was saying.)so to those of you that support the illegalls , GROW UP , get a real life and shut up!
Maybe you should get a brain. People who reject Daniel's harrassment of poor people just trying to find work and better their lives do not, by extension, support the type of behavior that you (presumably) have observed. Nor is it logical to characterize an entire population (illegals, Mexicans, etc.) by the behavior of the least among them. Otherwise, one should characterize all middle-aged white men as sociopathic child-molestors, or all OFIR members as ex-cons and alleged racist child pornographers. Right?
Daniel-I think you stretching a bit on this one. While I agree that there should not be Hybrid only parking spaces, there may be a reason that the handicap area is where it is. Albeit I have never been to this area but it could be because handicap areas are often very wide to accommodate service vans and the like. Also the HC area is on the same level as the entrance so no ramp is necessary as would be the case if the slots were where the Hybrids are. Looks like a pretty good design to me.
What would happen if you parked a non-hybrid car in one of those spots?? Would it get towed? Would it even be legal to have it towed? What is the State or Local Statute that allows "hybrid only" parking?
Curious.
p.s. This blog has turned into a troll-fest. I see that a ton of posters here do not agree with Daniel's views on a variety of topics. My question is a simple one: Why do you boobs keep coming here and reading Daniel's postings if you know before-hand that you'll get pissed when you do read them? Knowing full well that this blog is written by a guy with opposing views to your own? You really don't think that you're going to "convert" Daniel to a narrow minded leftist do you?
Hey Delpuka - It's a blog, isn't it. You know, a place where people exchange ideas, discuss topics, or in the case of this poisoned atmosphere, throw shit at each other. Does it really matter what posters' motives are?
We come to this blog to hang out, have a chuckle, check "facts" and provide balance. If we didn't show up, face it, this blog would be a borefest with about 6 hits on a good day, and Daniel knows it.
Essentially, we're here to kick Daniel around a little. A karmic wedgie of sorts. Payback's a bitch, ain't it?
DeLucca: If it bothers you so much, go find another blog. We're stayin' a while.
Miglavs - Looks like your Michael-Moore-esque expose of the liberal agenda to socially engineer the way Americans park their cars has backfired...badly.
Probably you should stick to your forte, which seems to consist of harrassing the poor.
Me again. Here's some much needed perspective on what's right about the setup from a chair-bound point of view.
1) Anyone in a chair is going to prefer the HC parking spaces right where they're at. Ever try manuevering a chair across native plantings and gravel? Get real!
2) If the HC spaces were switched with the spaces designated for Hybrids then I would have to navigate across a busy "thoroughfare" that is essentially a busy street to someone like me. A dissappointing number of motorists don't give a damn about pedestrians, downright oblivious, much less someone in a chair that they may not be able to see if their rig's too big. While the pedestrian can quickly dart out of the way of an inattentive driver, I usually can't.
3) The camera shot exaggerates the distance from HC spaces to the building. It's not THAT MUCH longer. It's a nice, smooth, paved expanse with sidewalk access and shallow curbing. I am separated from any careless drivers because I am not forced to use any part of the parking lot on my way to the building. Plenty of room for pedestrians and chair-bounds.
I mean, if I went to the Rose Garden to see the Blazers play the Lakers, and I was wearing a "Kobe" jersy and yelling "Blazers Suck" at the top of my lungs the whole game, I wouldn't expected to be embraced with cries of: "Oh you're right Mr. Loud Mouthed Lakers Fan. What were we thinking by rooting for the Blazers...here in Portland....on their home court. Thank you kind citizen, we now see the error in our ways. GO LAKERS"
I think we're ignoring a crucial issue here: Have any schools in the area served tacos or tamales lately? I keep checking Daniel's YouTube collection, but there is nothing new on this disturbing trend that he bravely unearthed a few months ago. Does that mean it's okay for me to "rest"?
Now for the explanation. I thought at least one bozo racist would know the answer. The handicap spots are positioned right up against the sidewalk whereas the hybrid spots are where they are, in the middle of the parking lot. The point of handicap spots are sometimes less about convenience and more about safety. If a handicapped person needs to cross the parking lot where cars travel, it puts them in more danger. Whereas with the spots located up against the sidewalk allows them a safer access to the buildings.
Looking at the video of the twit makes it apparent that the handicap spots are perfect for access to the paths and safe to access the center. What is the problem?
That is why we don't put uneducated simpletons in charge of planning for safety and accessability for the handicap.
But really, Daniel complaining about services for the elderly, handicap etc is just laughable. If there wasn't some sort of political agenda behind it, he would be half-assed believable.
Not to worry mi amigo! Another Miglavian Tennessee Tuxedo moment may be at hand. Our intrepid culture vulture will have another opportunity to bust some Mexicans and their kids engaged in good clean family fun in Woodburn on Friday, April 4th. Valor Jr. High is having a Family Dance-a-thon! And yes, a potluck will be served! And gosh darnit, this is Woodburn, so it won't be no Sherwood wannabe beans and tamales! No, these beans and tamales you don't want to mess with! The mexican food in Woodburn can really screw with an unsuspecting gringo's cultural compass. Even just being in proximity to the aroma of these villianous victuals could be the death knell of the last desperate vestiges of culinary allegance to American "culturally correct" food. So come on over Tennesse Tuxedo! I know what you look like! I will be happy to show you around if you will let me shove my camera in your face and ask you a few pesky questions first. See you there Danielito!
Daniel Miglavs -- champion of all levels of government making English the "official" language -- decries, apparently with total seriousness, "social engineering."
Can't even call this one a "nice try" Miglavs! Bwaaahahahaha! Maybe next time you should check with a handicapped person before pretending to know what's best for them.
You sure have had a lot of shit backfire on you lately.
I especially liked the one recently where you blasted hispanic firefighters who may or may not be fluent in English, then got a well deserved thumping by a BLM dispatcher and a firefighter who expressed deep gratitude on behalf of his entire outfit for the exceptionally well trained firefighters from Mexico who are frequently dispatched to American wildfires courtesy of the Mexican government.
Then there was the one about illegals fighting for this country in Iraq...
And the one about the evil Mexican potluck at a school in Sherwood...
And the one infering that all transit users who are unable to speak English MUST be hispanic illegals, only to find out from another poster that the transit authority plans were to post notices in no less than 6 different languages, not just Spanish (a fact you conveniently left out).
Newsflash for Miglavs: Hey buddy, no one's forcing you to buy waterfowl stamps. Buy a star wars stamp, or a Mr. Spock stamp, or a stamp with flags or the liberty bell, or whateverthefuck. Oh -- and find something serious to talk about for a change.
This is fucking bullshit. I don't know how they can enforce those parking restrictions. In fact, if they aren't codified in the ORS, then they can't enforce it. So fuck them.
36 comments:
Miglavs gets amnesty. Convicted of gang-banging, drug dealing and weapons charges.
No jail time served.
FILED: May 20, 2004
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON
STATE OF OREGON,
Respondent on Review,
v.
DANIEL PAUL MIGLAVS,
Petitioner on Review.
(CC C000009CR, C000111CR; CA A111137 (Control), A111138; SC S50279)
On review from the Court of Appeals.*
Argued and submitted March 3, 2004.
Garrett A. Richardson, Portland, argued the cause and filed the brief for petitioner on review.
Jonathan H. Fussner, Assistant Attorney General, Salem, argued the cause for respondent on review. Julie A. Smith, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief. With her on the brief were Hardy Myers, Attorney General, and Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General.
Before Carson, Chief Justice, and Gillette, Durham, Riggs, De Muniz, and Balmer, Justices.**
DE MUNIZ, J.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the circuit court are affirmed.
*Appeal from Washington County Circuit Court, Timothy P. Alexander, Judge. 186 Or App 420, 63 P3d 1202 (2003).
**Kistler, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
DE MUNIZ, J.
The issue in this criminal case is whether a police officer lawfully engaged in a precautionary patdown (1) of defendant in accordance with the officer safety rule set out in State v. Bates, 304 Or 519, 747 P2d 991 (1987). Because there were multiple charges against defendant arising out of separate police patdowns and a subsequent search of defendant's residence, we first set out the procedural history in some detail.
Defendant was charged with two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm based on evidence uncovered during a patdown (the patdown at issue here) conducted in August 1999. Defendant moved to suppress the evidence that the police discovered during that patdown. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress that evidence.
The same indictment also charged defendant with two other counts of unlawful possession of a firearm as a result of evidence uncovered in a patdown that the police conducted in September 1999. Defendant moved to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of that patdown, and the trial court granted that motion.
Finally, the police executed a search warrant at defendant's residence in December 1999 and seized evidence that led to defendant being charged separately with seven other weapon and drug-related crimes. Defendant moved to suppress that evidence as well, and the trial court denied that motion.
The court consolidated all charges and tried them at the same time. Defendant ultimately was convicted of two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm seized as a result of the August patdown and three counts of unlawful possession of a firearm seized during the December search of defendant's residence.
Defendant appealed, contending that the police had relied on the evidence that they discovered during the August patdown to obtain the search warrant that led to the discovery of the evidence seized during the December search of defendant's residence. A divided en banc Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's rulings denying defendant's motions to suppress evidence discovered during the August patdown and the December search of his residence. State v. Miglavs, 186 Or App 420, 63 P3d 1202 (2003). We allowed defendant's petition for review. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the August patdown was lawful and, therefore, affirm the trial court judgment and the decision of the Court of Appeals.
We take the following facts from the Court of Appeals majority opinion:
"Just after midnight in August 1999, Officer Brown, who was on patrol alone, saw defendant and another man standing outside a car, talking to a woman seated in the car, in the parking lot of an apartment complex in Beaverton. They were below an apartment overhang, which caused the area to be fairly dark. Because Brown suspected that all three individuals were under 18 years of age and possibly violating curfew, she approached the group. On approaching, she saw alcohol in the car. She asked for identification so that she could determine if any alcohol-related or curfew violations may have occurred. Defendant and the woman in the car gave Brown their identification, which she kept while she ran a records check on them. The other male said that he was 17 years old and gave his name and date of birth in lieu of other identification. The dispatcher reported that defendant was a possible runaway, but defendant told the officer that he had recently turned 18. He also told the officer that he lived in the apartment complex, even though his identification listed a different address. He was unwilling to tell the officer in which apartment he resided.
"Because she was on patrol alone, Brown called for backup while she was checking the ages and identities of the three individuals. Two backup officers arrived within a couple of minutes. By the time they arrived, Brown had determined that the driver of the car was 21 years old and therefore lawfully in possession of alcohol. She also had determined that defendant was 18 years old and therefore not violating curfew. Brown returned defendant's and the driver's identification to them, making no overture to cite or hold them. They were then free to go, but Brown did not expressly tell them that. They remained while Brown continued her investigation of the 17-year-old for a possible curfew violation.
"At that point, Brown was concerned for her personal safety and that of the backup officers. Defendant and his male companion were wearing distinctive clothing commonly associated with a gang called the '18th Street' gang. Typical of that gang, defendant had a shaved head and was wearing baggy tan pants and a baggy black shirt with the term '18th Street' printed on the back in large white letters. Defendant's companion also was wearing baggy gang-style clothes and had a three-dot tattoo under his eye that is associated with gang membership. The baggy style of the clothing concerned Brown because, in addition to signaling gang affiliation, the clothing permitted easy concealment of a weapon. Within the preceding year, Brown had come into contact with a similarly attired gang member in the parking lot of the same apartment complex who, on a patdown search, was found to have a weapon concealed in his waistband under his baggy clothing. Also, based on her training and experience more generally, Brown knew that members of the 18th Street gang commonly carry weapons--in particular, guns.
"One of the backup officers, Officer Cockreham, shared Brown's safety concerns. His concerns arose because of defendant's 18th Street gang-affiliated clothing, as well as the way in which defendant's shirt was draped over his waist. Cockreham had personally removed weapons from several 18th Street gang members in the same general area (i.e., along Allen Boulevard between Hall and King); one such encounter occurred 'just previously to this incident' and the weapon he found on the gang member was a gun. Brown directed Cockreham to patdown defendant for weapons. On doing so, Cockreham found a gun concealed in the waistband of defendant's pants."
186 Or App at 422-24 (footnote omitted).
In affirming the trial court's rulings denying defendant's motion to suppress the gun, the Court of Appeals majority relied on this court's earlier decision in Bates. There, this court held that
"Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution, does not forbid an officer to take reasonable steps to protect himself or others if, during the course of a lawful encounter with a citizen, the officer develops a reasonable suspicion, based upon specific and articulable facts, that the citizen might pose an immediate threat of serious physical injury to the officer or to others then present."
Id. at 524. The Court of Appeals majority began its analysis by characterizing the basis for the officers' particularized suspicion of defendant:
"The officers' safety concerns here were not stereotypical in the sense that they derived only from a generalized and oversimplified view of how all members of a broad group behave in all circumstances. Rather, Brown and Cockreham had particular training in and experience with members of a particular gang--the 18th Street gang--and its local activities. The officers, based on training and experience relating to that particular gang, knew that its local members commonly carried concealed weapons. They knew, moreover, that guns were often the weapon of choice for members of the 18th Street gang."
Miglavs, 186 Or App at 427 (emphasis in original). The court concluded that several factors contributed to the officers' reasonable fear for their safety:
"On whole, then, we have this: defendant was a likely member of not just an urban gang but of a particular gang known to operate in the area--the 18th Street gang--whose local members commonly carry guns; he was wearing clothes that could have concealed a gun; the officers had both longer-term and very recent experience with members of the 18th Street gang in the area who were armed with concealed weapons; it was late; it was dark; and defendant chose to protract the encounter with the officers. The totality of what the officers knew and the circumstances with which they were confronted went beyond a generalized understanding of the practices of urban gangs and encompassed a specific and particularized reality as to defendant and the 18th Street gang, of which defendant was a likely member."
Id. at 428. The court thus affirmed defendant's convictions.
Judge Haselton agreed with the majority, but wrote separately to clarify that the court's decision did "not authorize 'officer safety' searches based solely on a citizen's 'suspicious' appearance or possible association with a potentially dangerous group." Id. at 435 (Haselton, J., concurring). He further explained that "our holding does not write a blank check for 'officer safety' patdowns resulting from officer-initiated contacts with young men or women wearing 'gang style' clothing." Id. (Haselton, J., concurring).
Judge Edmonds and Judge Armstrong dissented in separate opinions. Judge Edmonds asserted that the constitutional right to associate requires that the constitutional protections against unreasonable searches and seizures apply equally to "those who belong to gangs, wear baggy gang-related clothing, or identify with groups known to be violent" as they do to others. Id. (Edmonds, J., dissenting). He opined that defendant's decision to remain at the scene after Brown concluded her investigation of him was the only fact that could have contributed to her concern that defendant might pose an immediate threat to her safety or that of others. Id. at 436 (Edmonds, J., dissenting). But that fact, Judge Edmonds asserted, was of little significance in light of defendant's cooperative attitude and the fact that Brown did not tell him that he was free to leave. Id. (Edmonds, J., dissenting). Judge Edmonds further posited that Brown's failure to direct defendant to leave indicated that she did not perceive defendant to be a greater threat at the end of the investigation than she had at the beginning. Id. (Edmonds, J., dissenting). According to Judge Edmonds, the majority's decision would permit the police to patdown "any person dressed in gang attire and present in a mall or other public place * * * even in the absence of individualized suspicion[,]" contrary to Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution. (2) Id. at 436-37 (Edmonds, J., dissenting).
Judge Armstrong similarly believed that the officers' knowledge that defendant was a member of the 18th Street gang, and their prior experiences with that gang, were not "sufficient to give the officers a reasonable basis to believe that defendant was a member of the 18th Street gang who, because of that membership, was reasonably likely to be carrying a gun." Id. at 439 (Armstrong, J., dissenting). He also could not discern a difference between the officers' knowledge that defendant was a member of a particular gang that was known to carry guns and their knowledge that members of a particular type of gang carry guns. Id. at 440 (Armstrong, J., dissenting). "In either case" Judge Armstrong observed, "the state seeks to rely on a syllogism that people of a particular group often carry weapons, that the defendant appears to be a member of that group, and that it is therefore reasonable to suspect that the defendant is carrying a weapon." Id. (Armstrong, J., dissenting). He noted further, as did Judge Edmonds, that Brown did not have a reason to fear for her safety because defendant was cooperative and because Brown had not waited for the backup officers to arrive to conduct her investigation of the three individuals. Id. at 440-41 (Armstrong, J., dissenting). In Judge Armstrong's view, defendant's failure to leave when Brown returned defendant's identification was of no significance because Brown should have understood that defendant merely wished to resume his encounter with his friends. Id. at 441-42 (Armstrong, J., dissenting).
In this court, defendant relies on the dissenting opinions by Judge Edmonds and Judge Armstrong and argues that the Court of Appeals majority erred in its application of the Bates rule because Brown did not have a particularized suspicion that defendant was armed and might pose a threat to the officers' safety. He observes that, when Brown had concluded her investigation of defendant, she did not tell him that he was free to leave, from which he argues that his failure to leave should not have contributed to Brown's safety concerns. He notes further that he was "cooperative and unthreatening" and, thus, should not have made the officers feel that he presented an immediate risk to their safety.
The state responds that this court needs to decide only whether "the officers' belief that defendant might be armed and dangerous [was] a reasonable one." In its view, "the officers reasonably believed that this defendant might pose an immediate threat primarily because he had expressly affiliated himself with a particular gang, the local members of which operate in the immediate vicinity and, in the officers' training and experience, often are armed." Further, the state argues, "[t]hat suspicion was sufficiently particularized because it was based on characteristics shared by a narrow and well-defined category of persons with whom the officers had specific experiences and about whom the officers had received training." For the reasons that follow, we agree with the state.
We begin with a review of Bates. In that case, a City of Eugene police officer stopped the defendant for "'excessive vehicle emissions'" at 4:40 a.m. Id. at 521. The stop occurred in a "'high crime'" area and the officer called for assistance. Id. Two officers approached the defendant's vehicle and one officer asked for the defendant's driver license. Id. The officers noticed that there was a "television and a videocassette recorder [VCR]" on the back seat of the defendant's vehicle. Id. One officer also noticed "an object on the floorboard between [the] defendant's feet." Id. The other officer also took note of the object and "'asked [the defendant] if he would reach down and very cautiously pull that item from between his feet," so that the officer could see what it was. Id. The defendant refused and instead "reached under the seat and remained in that position" while the officer repeatedly asked him to pull the item into plain view. Id. The officer then pulled his gun and ordered the defendant to step out of the car. Id. The officer then obtained the bag from under the seat, felt something hard inside, opened it, and discovered "several rounds of live ammunition, drugs, and drug paraphernalia." Id. at 522.
The court began its analysis by noting the state's reliance on the Supreme Court's analysis of officer safety searches in Michigan v. Long, 463 US 1032, 103 S Ct 3469, 77 L Ed 2d 1201 (1983), and this court's own previous analysis in State v. Riley, 240 Or 521, 402 P2d 741 (1965), in which the court had acknowledged that "police officers are entitled to take steps reasonably necessary to their safety." Bates, 304 Or at 523. The court then held, as set out above, that Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution "does not forbid an officer to take reasonable steps to protect himself or others if, during the course of a lawful encounter with a citizen, the officer develops a reasonable suspicion" that the suspect "might pose" a danger to the officer or others. Id. at 524. The court explained that
"it is not [this court's] function to uncharitably second-guess an officer's judgment. A police officer in the field frequently must make life-or-death decisions in a matter of seconds. There may be little or no time in which to weigh the magnitude of a potential safety risk against the intrusiveness of protective measures. An officer must be allowed considerable latitude to take safety precautions in such situations. Our inquiry therefore is limited to whether the precautions taken were reasonable under the circumstances as they reasonably appeared at the time that the decision was made."
Id. at 524-25 (emphasis added). See also State v. Amaya, __ Or ___, ___ P3d ___ (April 29, 2004) (same).
The Bates court concluded, however, that the officers had exceeded the permissible bounds of the rule. Id. at 525-26. It reached that result by assessing the significance of each factor that the officer identified as contributing to his conclusion that the defendant posed an immediate threat. Id. The officer testified that the vehicle's out-of-state license plates, the time of day, the high crime area, the defendant's appearance, the fact that there was a television and a VCR on the back seat of the defendant's vehicle, and the fact that the defendant did not comply with the officer's instruction to pull into plain view the item that he could not see fully, all contributed to his concern about the defendant's possible dangerousness. Id. at 525.
This court, however, concluded that none of the identified factors, even when considered collectively, supported a reasonable suspicion that the defendant posed an immediate threat to the officers' safety. The court observed that the suspicions of the officer who ordered the defendant out of the car
"may have been an excellent guess–-the kind resulting from a sixth sense that many officers develop over the years. But, again, there is no objective quality to them that entitles them to any weight, either individually or collectively, in the constitutional calculus. Neither the hour nor the 'high crime' nature of the area tells us whether this defendant is likely to be a criminal, unless there is some reason to think that everyone driving in that particular area at that time of night is up to no good[.]"
Id. at 526 (emphasis in original). As in Bates, our inquiry in this case is limited to whether the precautionary patdown was reasonable under the circumstances as they reasonably appeared at that time.
Here, the officers testified that the following factors contributed to their determination that defendant might pose an immediate threat to their safety: (1) defendant "was wearing bagg[y] tan pants and a black bagg[y] shirt that had '18th' written on the back of the shirt in large white letters[,]" (3) which the officers associated with the attire of 18th Street gang members; (2) the young man with defendant also had a gang-related tattoo consisting of three dots in the shape of a triangle that Officer Brown knew meant "'[m]i vida loca'" or "'my crazy life' in English" and his shirt also had the number 18 on it; (3) both defendant and the man with him were wearing, "untucked[,]" "extremely bagg[y clothing that] could easily conceal weapons"; (4) the officers knew that 18th Street gang members operated in the vicinity of the encounter and that they carried guns; (5) Officer Cockreham personally removed weapons from several 18th Street gang members and had, just previously to this incident, had removed a gun from an 18th Street gang member; and (6) neither defendant nor the woman in the car chose to leave after Brown returned their identification.
Before evaluating the factors described above, we first address defendant's argument that his cooperative attitude and lack of suspicious behavior was sufficient to dispel any concerns that the officers had for their safety. Defendant is correct that those circumstances must be considered in the overall assessment of the reasonableness of the officers' decision to engage in the patdown. However, defendant's attitude and demeanor are just two circumstances that the officers and, ultimately, this court must consider in determining whether the totality of the circumstances justified the decision to engage in a precautionary patdown. See State v. Ehly, 317 Or 66, 83, 854 P2d 421 (1993) ("totality of the circumstances" are considered in determining whether officer's suspicion was reasonable). As we now explain, those countervailing circumstances, considered in light of the totality of the circumstances, are not sufficient to dispel the reasonableness of the officers' particularized suspicion that defendant might have posed a danger to their safety.
Under Bates, a limited precautionary patdown is authorized under Article I, section 9, only when the initial contact between the police and the individual is lawful. Here, defendant concedes that Brown was engaged in a lawful contact with defendant. Brown had approached the vehicle to investigate possible curfew, and later, alcohol violations. She requested defendant's identification and, upon concluding her investigation, promptly returned defendant's identification to him. In other words, as noted previously, the police contact was not initiated solely (or at all) because defendant and his companion were wearing gang attire.
Next, Bates requires an evaluation whether the factors that the officers claim supported their belief that defendant might pose an immediate threat to their safety are sufficiently particularized to defendant as required under Article I, section 9. This court repeatedly has explained that a person's appearance alone never can support a reasonable suspicion of unlawful activity. See State v. Valdez, 277 Or 621, 628, 561 P2d 1006 (1977) (explaining that "shined shoes, sharp clothes, neat 'Afro' haircuts and people who stand and stare at officers" cannot say much about those people engaging in criminal activity); Bates, 304 Or at 525 (explaining that fact that defendant was "an 'Indian' with long hair and beard" wearing black leather jacket could not support reasonable suspicion to believe that he was dangerous). A police officer's suspicion must be particularized to the individual based on the individual's own conduct. State v. Stanley, 325 Or 239, 245-46, 935 P2d 1202 (1997); Bates, 304 Or at 525; Valdez, 277 Or at 628. Regardless of the officers' belief that gang members wear baggy clothing, that type of clothing alone could not support a reasonable suspicion that defendant posed a risk to the officers' safety. That is, nothing about such attire alone could tell the officers anything about defendant, except that he liked to wear baggy clothing. Nevertheless, a particular style of attire may be a circumstance that, when considered in the overall context or totality of the circumstances of a police-citizen contact, contributes to the reasonableness of an officer's safety assessment.
Similarly, clothing that announces a gang affiliation does not, by itself, give rise to the kind of individualized suspicion of a safety threat required under Article I, section 9. However, officers reasonably may draw inferences about human behavior from their training and experience. See Stanley, 325 Or at 246-46 (in officer's experience, people who commit robberies often are armed); Ehly, 317 Or at 80-81 (in officer's experience, drug users often are armed). In this instance, the officers knew from training and recent personal experience that the gang identified on defendant's shirt operated in the immediate vicinity of the contact and that members of that gang carried weapons. Furthermore, one of the officers recently had removed a gun from one of the members of that gang. Under those circumstances, the officers' safety concerns regarding defendant were not based solely on generalized or stereotypical information about gang behavior but, instead, were sufficiently particularized, based on specific training about and recent personal experience with a narrowly identified group, viz., members of the local gang to which defendant and his male companion proclaimed their allegiance and which operated in the area where the officers encountered defendant.
Finally, in addition to defendant's self-proclaimed gang membership and the officers' training and recent experience with other gang members, there are other factors that contribute to the reasonableness of the officers' safety concerns. First, the contact with defendant and his two companions occurred at a late hour in a darkened area in the general vicinity where one of the officers recently had encountered armed members of the 18th Street gang. Defendant was uncooperative during the initial investigation when he refused to reveal the location of his residence in the apartment complex. See Amaya, ___ Or at ___ (refusal to leave purse-like bag in vehicle when requested to do so was one factor that heightened officer's safety concern).
Second, although defendant was free to move from the immediate area after his identification was returned to him, he chose to remain in the area near where the police were conducting an ongoing investigation. When defendant remained in that close proximity to the officers, the officers' safety concerns reasonably were heightened because the officers needed to focus their attention on defendant's companion and were not able to watch defendant as closely as they could before that time. As this court explained in Bates:
"A police officer in the field frequently must make life-or-death decisions in a matter of seconds. There may be little or no time in which to weigh the magnitude of a potential safety risk against the intrusiveness of protective measures. An officer must be allowed considerable latitude to take safety precautions in such situations."
Bates, 304 Or at 524 (emphasis added).
Here, the combination of factors that the officers identified were sufficient to give rise to a reasonable and individualized suspicion that defendant might have posed a safety threat to them. That individualized suspicion justified the limited precautionary patdown of defendant that occurred in this case and did not violate defendant's protection against unreasonable search and seizure under Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the circuit court are affirmed.
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1. Our use of the term "patdown" is intended to mean "an external patting of a person's outer clothing," as described in ORS 131.605(3).
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2. Judge Edmond's concern notwithstanding, this case is not about whether Article I, section 9, would allow the police to patdown a known gang member in a public place for the sole reason of performing a patdown for weapons. Among other differences, the patdown in this case occurred in the context of a lawful police investigation and took place at night in the general area where one of the officers had recently encountered an armed member of the same gang.
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3. Officer Cockreham testified that defendant's shirt "actually said '18th Street' on it[.]"
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What kind of psychotic/neurological break has occurred in a person that enables or causes him to, apparently with total seriousness, complain about how proceeds from stamps with birds on them are spent, while saying ABSOLUTELY NOTHING about the cost of the war in Iraq?
....or the cost to taxpayers of his own criminality and subsequent attempts to wriggle out of taking responsibility for his actions by whining all the way to the Oregon Supreme Court?
I bet his total bill came to WAY more than these signs.
Oh, and Daniel, your tax money didn't pay for these signs, mine did, and I'm quite pleased with them.
Your tax money pays for death in Iraq. You can take some comfort in that, I'm sure.
I suppose they should put the handicap spots in the uneven gravel and the hybrids in the paved spots that have access to the sidewalk and restroom.
Makes sense to me.
Handicapped and hybrid parking spots do need to be switched. I just fired off a letter to the local US Fish and Wildlife Service, who manages the site to that effect.
Other than that, very nice addition to our community.
Anonymous 11:01
The handicap spots are almost directly behind the gravel hybrid spots. How many people with a handicap parking pass would choose to park on an uneven gravel surface in the center of a parking lot vs. a paved level surface with handicap access to the sidewalk, lookout, bathroom, and visitor center. Good luck with that letter. Have you actually been to the refuge?
Oh...yes, I just looked at the video a second time. You're absolutely right! I should have known better. Miglav's never thinks things through in his puppy-dog eagerness to wag his finger. I should have been more skeptical that this may have been the one time he had a lucid point. I guess I'll go fish that letter out of my mailbox before the postman gets it.
anon 7:12
SOS , we have heard it over and over .REALY dude or whatever you are, GET A LIFE !!!!!!!!!
it's history , and people can change . Some for the better . but you , you realllllllly need a change!
As I wrote in a previous post:
"Actually, it's not old news. It's relavant on every day that Daniel continues his sanctimonious crusade against a group of poverty-stricken immigrants because they're (he presumes) "illegal".
Daniel Miglavs, who drones on about the responsible uses of state tax dollars, and who agitates for the harshest penalties possible for persons falling under his expansive umbrella of "criminal", served no time for his own crimes, and spent your and my tax dollars claiming he didn't do what he was convicted of doing.
So, it seems relevant to me.
Doesn't Miglavs have some sort of motto about not resting until people get treated like the criminals that they are? I guess I'm just taking a page out of the book of Miglavs.
Welcome to Miglavia."
Miglavs keeps harping, saying the same things over and over again. Why can't I?
At least what I'm saying is proven to be true. As for most of Miglavs' assertions - Mexicans are disproportionately drug dealers, pedophiles, and violent criminals; persons who do not speak English are necessarily illegal; illegal immigrants take jobs from natives... - the same cannot be said.
Hey Anon 12:21 PM
Read this:
http://www.bop.gov/about/facts.jsp#2
Mexicans are 17% of our federal prison population.
Citizenship
United States: 147,843 (73.7 %)
Mexico: 34,104 (17.0 %)
Colombia: 3,053 (1.5 %)
Cuba: 1,700 (0.8 %)
Dominican Republic: 3,070 (1.5 %)
Other/Unknown: 10,893 (5.4 %)
Looks like Daniel has nailed it right on the head. Maybe you are a mexican with a criminal alien relative.
You state: Mexicans are disproportionately drug dealers, pedophiles, and violent criminals;
The BOP page pretty much proves it unless the mexicans are in prison for knitting or something else. What is your record? Why don't you put it online or are afraid? Why do you hide behind anonymous? What do you have to hide? How come they break it down to countries south of our border? Because they commit a shit load of crimes you idiot!
Dear readers:
Well this is ironic. I got online to find a way to send an email to the agency that oversees the new Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge because I wanted to send kudos to them for such excellent planning on behalf of those of us who get around in a chair. So imagine how funny that my googling brought me here to some guy who doesn't seem to have even half a clue about what's important to the wheelchair bound.
I don't know who you are but maybe you should check with a wheelchair user before you lable "sick and twisted" when it's actually one of the better handicapped accessible public spaces I have visited in a long, long time.
I've been in a chair since age 18. Nearly 17 years now. This guy is not too bright and has an evident meanness to him. Also, I would like to know what is "sick and twisted" about caring for the planet we live on? I'd like for the children in my life to have a habitable planet to live on in 50 years.
Dave 01: Unless "Dave 01" is the name that appears on your social security card, drivers license, and passport, then you too are anonymous. Lame arguement.
well, genius, did you happen to notice that immigration was the third most common crime for which persons are incarcerated, thus explaining Mexicans disproportionate representation in FEDERAL prisons, given that they predominate among the country's unauthorized population.
Most of what I've read indicates that immigrants commit FEWER crimes than natives.
for example:
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1717575,00.html
and
http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/080318-immigration-crime.html
Why would immigrants here legally or illegally want to violate the terms of their admission or draw attention to themselves by committing a crime and facing deportation.
Besides, they're too busy working...
hey guys
I work close to SE 6th and ankeny, I park in that area also. My car has been broken into 3 times in the last 1 1/2 years.when they caught the person that broke into it the first time. Guess what he was an illegall . one of those so highly respected day pukes that jump out and bang on my car whenever i stop for the stop sign.and then beg me for a job . or like the one today that wanted me to buy pot! ( aleast I think thats what he was saying.)so to those of you that support the illegalls , GROW UP , get a real life and shut up!
We buy six, count'em, six waterfowl stamps. Glad to know my money is going towards something like this. Kudos to those responsible.
Maybe you should get a brain. People who reject Daniel's harrassment of poor people just trying to find work and better their lives do not, by extension, support the type of behavior that you (presumably) have observed. Nor is it logical to characterize an entire population (illegals, Mexicans, etc.) by the behavior of the least among them. Otherwise, one should characterize all middle-aged white men as sociopathic child-molestors, or all OFIR members as ex-cons and alleged racist child pornographers. Right?
Daniel-I think you stretching a bit on this one. While I agree that there should not be Hybrid only parking spaces, there may be a reason that the handicap area is where it is. Albeit I have never been to this area but it could be because handicap areas are often very wide to accommodate service vans and the like. Also the HC area is on the same level as the entrance so no ramp is necessary as would be the case if the slots were where the Hybrids are. Looks like a pretty good design to me.
What would happen if you parked a non-hybrid car in one of those spots?? Would it get towed? Would it even be legal to have it towed? What is the State or Local Statute that allows "hybrid only" parking?
Curious.
p.s. This blog has turned into a troll-fest. I see that a ton of posters here do not agree with Daniel's views on a variety of topics. My question is a simple one: Why do you boobs keep coming here and reading Daniel's postings if you know before-hand that you'll get pissed when you do read them? Knowing full well that this blog is written by a guy with opposing views to your own? You really don't think that you're going to "convert" Daniel to a narrow minded leftist do you?
Hey Delpuka - It's a blog, isn't it. You know, a place where people exchange ideas, discuss topics, or in the case of this poisoned atmosphere, throw shit at each other. Does it really matter what posters' motives are?
Anthony "Look It Up For Yourself" Delucca:
We come to this blog to hang out, have a chuckle, check "facts" and provide balance. If we didn't show up, face it, this blog would be a borefest with about 6 hits on a good day, and Daniel knows it.
Essentially, we're here to kick Daniel around a little. A karmic wedgie of sorts. Payback's a bitch, ain't it?
DeLucca: If it bothers you so much, go find another blog. We're stayin' a while.
Miglavs - Looks like your Michael-Moore-esque expose of the liberal agenda to socially engineer the way Americans park their cars has backfired...badly.
Probably you should stick to your forte, which seems to consist of harrassing the poor.
Me again. Here's some much needed perspective on what's right about the setup from a chair-bound point of view.
1) Anyone in a chair is going to prefer the HC parking spaces right where they're at. Ever try manuevering a chair across native plantings and gravel? Get real!
2) If the HC spaces were switched with the spaces designated for Hybrids then I would have to navigate across a busy
"thoroughfare" that is essentially a busy street to someone like me. A dissappointing number of motorists don't give a damn about pedestrians, downright oblivious, much less someone in a chair that they may not be able to see if their rig's too big. While the pedestrian can quickly dart out of the way of an inattentive driver, I usually can't.
3) The camera shot exaggerates the distance from HC spaces to the building. It's not THAT MUCH longer. It's a nice, smooth, paved expanse with sidewalk access and shallow curbing. I am separated from any careless drivers because I am not forced to use any part of the parking lot on my way to the building. Plenty of room for pedestrians and chair-bounds.
I mean, if I went to the Rose Garden to see the Blazers play the Lakers, and I was wearing a "Kobe" jersy and yelling "Blazers Suck" at the top of my lungs the whole game, I wouldn't expected to be embraced with cries of: "Oh you're right Mr. Loud Mouthed Lakers Fan. What were we thinking by rooting for the Blazers...here in Portland....on their home court. Thank you kind citizen, we now see the error in our ways. GO LAKERS"
I think we're ignoring a crucial issue here: Have any schools in the area served tacos or tamales lately? I keep checking Daniel's YouTube collection, but there is nothing new on this disturbing trend that he bravely unearthed a few months ago. Does that mean it's okay for me to "rest"?
Now for the explanation. I thought at least one bozo racist would know the answer. The handicap spots are positioned right up against the sidewalk whereas the hybrid spots are where they are, in the middle of the parking lot. The point of handicap spots are sometimes less about convenience and more about safety. If a handicapped person needs to cross the parking lot where cars travel, it puts them in more danger. Whereas with the spots located up against the sidewalk allows them a safer access to the buildings.
Looking at the video of the twit makes it apparent that the handicap spots are perfect for access to the paths and safe to access the center. What is the problem?
That is why we don't put uneducated simpletons in charge of planning for safety and accessability for the handicap.
But really, Daniel complaining about services for the elderly, handicap etc is just laughable. If there wasn't some sort of political agenda behind it, he would be half-assed believable.
Anon 448:
Not to worry mi amigo! Another Miglavian Tennessee Tuxedo moment may be at hand. Our intrepid culture vulture will have another opportunity to bust some Mexicans and their kids engaged in good clean family fun in Woodburn on Friday, April 4th. Valor Jr. High is having a Family Dance-a-thon! And yes, a potluck will be served! And gosh darnit, this is Woodburn, so it won't be no Sherwood wannabe beans and tamales! No, these beans and tamales you don't want to mess with! The mexican food in Woodburn can really screw with an unsuspecting gringo's cultural compass. Even just being in proximity to the aroma of these villianous victuals could be the death knell of the last desperate vestiges of culinary allegance to American "culturally correct" food.
So come on over Tennesse Tuxedo! I know what you look like! I will be happy to show you around if you will let me shove my camera in your face and ask you a few pesky questions first. See you there Danielito!
Daniel Miglavs -- champion of all levels of government making English the "official" language -- decries, apparently with total seriousness, "social engineering."
Shit.
Anon 254: "Karmic wedgie." Love it! You are exactly right. That's why we come to this blog. Daniel needs his daily karmic wedgie. LMAO.
If Miglavs is Tenessee Tuxedo, then who is Chumley? Rick Hickey? ROTFLMAO. Good one.
My friend is an urban planner. I forwarded Miglavs' shockumetary to her. She got a nice giggle out of it.
Nice work Miglavs.
Can't even call this one a "nice try" Miglavs! Bwaaahahahaha! Maybe next time you should check with a handicapped person before pretending to know what's best for them.
You sure have had a lot of shit backfire on you lately.
I especially liked the one recently where you blasted hispanic firefighters who may or may not be fluent in English, then got a well deserved thumping by a BLM dispatcher and a firefighter who expressed deep gratitude on behalf of his entire outfit for the exceptionally well trained firefighters from Mexico who are frequently dispatched to American wildfires courtesy of the Mexican government.
Then there was the one about illegals fighting for this country in Iraq...
And the one about the evil Mexican potluck at a school in Sherwood...
And the one infering that all transit users who are unable to speak English MUST be hispanic illegals, only to find out from another poster that the transit authority plans were to post notices in no less than 6 different languages, not just Spanish (a fact you conveniently left out).
And then there was the one about....
G'nite T.T.
Better luck w/tomorrow's post...
Daniel,
Did the entrance fee go into effect yet? If not, was there anything posted about when it will be?
Newsflash for Miglavs: Hey buddy, no one's forcing you to buy waterfowl stamps. Buy a star wars stamp, or a Mr. Spock stamp, or a stamp with flags or the liberty bell, or whateverthefuck. Oh -- and find something serious to talk about for a change.
This is fucking bullshit. I don't know how they can enforce those parking restrictions. In fact, if they aren't codified in the ORS, then they can't enforce it. So fuck them.
No more responses from you left-wingfucks? Fucking morons.
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